The nature and dynamics of urban ecosystems with emphasis on urban forests and greenspaces. The role of green infrastructure in urban sustainability with particular focus on the ecological impact of urban forest management, design, and policy decisions. Credit may be granted for only one of UFOR 420 or UFOR 520.

Overview of urban forest resources: structure and composition, extent, and ecosystem services and benefits provided; introduces methods and tools for urban forest inventory, monitoring, and assessment, and how they are integrated into the planning and management of urban forests.

Global pandemics in relation to social inequality, social interaction and social institutions.

Techniques for numerical solution of ordinary and partial differential equations, including an introduction to the finite difference, finite volume and finite element approaches. Simulation of laminar and turbulent flows, including common turbulent models. Validation techniques.

Acquisition of timber interests; development, financing and organization of timber companies; regulation of exploitation industry interests; management taxation. Not offered each year; consult Faculty.