Course description not available. Credit will be granted for only one of GEOS 500 or GEOB 500.

Introduction to open channel flow and sediment transport. River morphology and channel types. Palaeohydrology. The development of channel networks.

Field sampling, instrumentation, surveying, mapping techniques, and data analysis; mandatory multi-day field camp in May or June. Special fees and liability insurance are required.

Maritime issues and ocean governance from a geographical perspective. Uses political geography and political ecology approaches to examine conflicts and propose initiatives to promote ocean sustainability and social inclusion.

Physical and biological characteristics of the circumpolar Arctic, emphasizing terrestrial environments and the impacts on and by humans, including: glacial history; climatology; biogeography/ecology of arctic tundra; human-environment interactions, settlement and exploration; and current environmental, social and economic problems. Restricted to students with second-year standing or higher. Credit will only be granted for one of GEOG_V 397 or GEOG_V 497.