Behavioural, population, and community ecology of insects. Interaction between insects and plants and the application of the principals of insect ecology to biological control of insects and weeds. [3-0] Prerequisite: One of BIOL 205, BIOL 327, APBI 327. Equivalency: BIOL411

Indigenous food systems are a complex, relational web of connections between land, culture, and spirit. Topics include: major elements of Indigenous food systems and present-day food stories from Indigenous communities across the country. Prerequisite: LFS_V 350. Or third-year standing or higher.

Application of principles and research methods of animal behaviour to practical problems in the care of farm, companion, wild and research animals, and in animal training, and human-wildlife conflict. [3-0-0]

Plant water requirements for production and survival, physiological stress thresholds, soil-plant-atmosphere interactions, structure-function relationships, cutting-edge and traditional monitoring tools, precision agriculture, application for sustainable water management. Prerequisite: One of APBI 210, BIOL 210.

Understanding environmental factors influencing soil-forming processes and their ecological implications. Credit will be granted for only one of SOIL 501 or APBI 401. Prerequisite: APBI 200.