Concepts, methods, and applications of belowground ecology with emphasis on biotic interactions in soil; roles that aboveground and belowground communities play in regulating the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems and their responses to global change. Credit will be granted for only one of FRST 512 or APBI 412.

Historical and current debate, ethical perspectives, governance, and scientific understanding of experiences of animals in research.

Analysis and interpretation of current issues in applied biology. Topics will vary from year to year.

Analysis of the concepts of ecological anthropology via the medium of local ecological knowledge. ANTH 360 is recommended as background.

Includes examination of the social and cultural dimensions of specific life-threatening emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, the political economy of health, cultural interpretations of illness and healing, medical pluralism, therapy management, and the cultural construction of efficacy.