Plant community ecology including a consideration of the major approaches to sampling, analyzing and interpreting vegetation patterns. Instruction given in field work and computer analysis of field data. [3-3-0] Prerequisite: BIOL 230. BIOL 324 is recommended.

Theoretical and applied ecology of microbes. Focus on microbial symbionts of animals, plants and seaweeds. Research project development through critical analysis of microbial ecological literature and computational analysis of ecological data. [2-3-0] Prerequisite: One of BIOL_V 121, SCIE_V 001, BIOL_V 230 and one of BIOL_V 300, FRST_V 231, STAT_V 200. 4th-year class standing.

Basics of ecology are introduced, focussing on observations of the natural world. Assignments, including a group project, consider connections between research, awareness and practical uses of ecology. Not for credit in the Life Sciences. [3-0-2]

Morphology, life histories, ecology and evolution of parasites (and infectious agents more broadly) infecting humans and animals. [2-3-0] Prerequisite: BIOL_V 121 or SCIE_V 001

Behaviour and ecology of invertebrates as revealed by hands-on experiments in the laboratory and field. Marine emphasis. [1-4-0] Prerequisite: BIOL 205. Corequisite: Either (a) STAT 200 or (b) BIOL 300.