Physiological, biochemical, and molecular strategies of adaptation of animals to environmental challenges. The evolution of genetic and biochemical systems, and their impact on animal structure and function. [3-0-0] Prerequisite: One of APBI 311, BIOL 361, BIOL 362, BIOL 364, BIOL 370, BIOL 371 and one of BIOL 201, BIOC 202, BIOC 203. BIOL 457 is recommended.