Domestic and international challenges to democracy, and innovative democratic responses to populism, polarization, globalization and disinformation. Prerequisite: Two of POLI_V 100, POLI_V 101, POLI_V 110, POLI_V 240. Or third-year standing or higher.

Application of Indigenous worldviews and knowledges to ecology. Colonial history of modern ecology, foundations and examples of Indigenous ecologies, restoration applying multiple worldviews, and Indigenized, culturally appropriate ecological research and decision-making processes. Credit will only be granted for only one of APBI 475, FRST 475, PLNT 575 or FRST 575.

Theory and practice of developing and implementing plans for sustainable regions, cities, and neighbourhoods. Combining land use, transportation, environment, socio-economic, and financial directions, managing plan making including public participation, and writing council reports.

Indigenous health in Canada and the role pharmacists' cultural humility and safety can play when collaborating with other health professionals and Indigenous communities to provide care and healing. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

Causes, natural history and pathophysiology of common disease processes. Prerequisite: 6 credits each first year BIOL and CHEM